Windows application that will run on any PC to automate repetitive tasks in just a few simple mouse clicks. The Macro Recorder in combination with the optional script compiler in Macro Scheduler Pro allows a user to create a standalone Powerful and more reliable in changing environments. The Macro Recorder is ideally suited to less technical users, or those new to Macro Scheduler who want to learn the MacroScript language to make their macros more Reducing mouse sensitivity means you can remove unnecessary mouse moves between mouse clicks,įor example, thus shortening the script and making it easier to read and edit. Needs the thinking time between those events. It is usually best to leave this in real time as reducing time between events can in some instances make the macro less reliable - the system When you record a macro you can specify the playback speed and mouse sensitivity.Īdjusting the playback speed effectively reduces or lengthens the time between individual steps. It is able to record your mouse clicks and keystrokes and then plays back infinitely at a customizable speed. It can also be used as a mouse auto clicker or for software test automation. Position it in the same place on the screen each time so that your macro will always work correctly. Mouse Recorder Premium serves as a professional automation macro recorder freeware for repetitive tasks. With the program, you can record all your mouse movements. When recording a macro you can specify an application to automate so that the Macro Recorder can add the code to open the application and MouseKey Recorder is a macro recorder that is both easy to use and offers an intuitive interface. The Macro Recorder creates real MacroScript code that is easy to understand (and edit in Macro Scheduler). The Macro Recorder is also available in all editions of Macro Scheduler, including Macro Scheduler Lite our affordable entry level automation tool. This makes it easy to create a macro that can be played back to run the task automatically. The Macro Recorder will record keystrokes, mouse events and window activations, including window positions and dimensions. It runs on both 32-bit and 64-bit systems with no dedicated 64-bit download provided.Simple Macro Recorder allows you to record a sequence of events to create a Windows macro. Previous versions of the operating system shouldn't be a problem with Windows 8, Windows 7 and Windows Vista having been tested. Mouse Recorder Pro 2 can be used on a computer running Windows 11 or Windows 10. What version of Windows can Mouse Recorder Pro 2 run on? Download and installation of this PC software is free and 2.0.7.6 is the latest version last time we checked. Mouse Recorder Pro 2 is provided under a freeware license on Windows from automation tools with no restrictions on usage. Variables: Use variables to control the flow of macros.Ĭompatibility and License Is Mouse Recorder Pro 2 free to download?.Triggers: Trigger macros with mouse or keyboard input.Security: Secure macros with password protection. Scripting: Create powerful scripts with the built-in editor.Scheduling: Schedule tasks to run at specific times.Macro Recording: Record mouse clicks and keyboard input.Looping: Automatically repeat macros for continuous execution.Hotkeys: Create custom hotkeys to quickly access macros.Exporting: Export macros to other applications.Editing: Edit macros with the built-in editor.Debugging: Debug macros with the built-in debugger.Data Input: Automate data entry with the data input feature.Compression: Compress macros for smaller file size.Automation: Create automated tasks with ease.You are able to edit what you have been recording for further development. You can play what you have been recording in a scheduled time you set. You are also able to edit and set the repeat time of your recordings. This program allows you to easily play the recorded steps made when installing or working with a certain application. Mouse Recorder Pro 2 is a free mouse and keyboard recording application which will record your computer mouse and keyboard input, allowing you to repeat an operation easily and fast. Record a set of mouse actions and then play them back
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To help support our reporting work, and to continue our ability to provide this content for free to our readers, we receive compensation from the companies that advertise on the Forbes Advisor site. The Forbes Advisor editorial team is independent and objective. Credits provide a dollar-for-dollar reduction in the amount of taxes you owe.ĭepending on your financial situation, you can use both tax deductions and credits to lower the amount you pay Uncle Sam each year. Tax credits, such as the earned income tax credit or child tax credit, also can put you into a lower tax bracket. Deductions help cut your taxes by reducing your taxable income. You can lower your income into another tax bracket by using tax deductions, such as the write-offs for charitable donations, property taxes and mortgage interest. The total tax amount for your $75,000 income is the sum of $1,027.50 + $3,780 + $7,309.50 = $12,117 (ignoring any itemized or standard deduction applied to your taxes).But some of your income will be taxed in lower tax brackets: 10% and 12%.Īs slices of you income move up the ladder, they’re taxed at increasing rates: Let’s say you’re single and your 2022 taxable income is $75,000 your marginal tax rate is 22%. Use our federal income tax bracket calculator below to find your marginal tax percentage for the 2022-2023 tax year. This bracket is your highest tax rate–which applies to the top portion of your income. The tax bracket your top dollar of income falls into is your marginal tax bracket. The bracket you’re in depends on your filing status: if you’re a single filer, married filing jointly, married filing separately or head of household. You can calculate your taxes by dividing your income into the portions that will be taxed in each applicable bracket. How To Figure Out Your Federal Income Tax Bracket Here are some reasons why you should file. You may be entitled to money from the IRS even if you have little to no income. Trending Story: File A Tax Return This Year, Even If You Usually Don’t Do It Some of that will be taxed in lower brackets. For example, if you’re single and your 2022 taxable income is $50,000, not all of that will be taxed at 22%, the top bracket for a single person making $50,000. If your taxable income increases, the taxes you pay will increase.īut figuring out your tax obligation isn’t as easy as comparing your salary to the brackets shown above. The amount you pay in taxes is dependent on your income. The brackets help determine how much money you need to pay the IRS annually. Tax brackets were created by the IRS to implement America’s “progressive” tax system, which taxes higher levels of income at the progressively higher rates we mentioned earlier. 2023 Married Filing Jointly Tax Brackets If taxable income is: If the ID of a device goes above 10 (For keyboards) or 20 (For Mice), The device will completely cease to function until the next reboot - not only in AutoHotInterception, but in Windows also. If you unplug / replug a device, or go into hibernate and resume, the Interception ID of a device will increase by 1. Instead, tick one at a time and see if it your device. When using the monitor app, DO NOT tick all devices at once, as if it crashes, it will lock up all devices. You can use the handy "Copy" buttons to copy the VID/PID or DeviceHandle of the device to the clipboard. This handy tool allows you to check if AHI is working, and also to find the VID/PID or DeviceHandle of your devices. You will need to know the VID / PID of at least one of your devices in order to do anything with AHI. If you are unsure of what the VID / PID of your device is (or even if Interception can see it), you can use the included Monitor script to find it. Most AHI functions (eg to Subscribe to a key etc) use an Interception ID, so some handy functions are provided to allow you to find the (current) Interception ID of your device, given a VID / PID. These are identifiers baked into the hardware at time of manufacture, and are identical for all devices of the same make / model. On PC, devices are often identified by VendorID (VID) and ProductID (PID). This ID scheme is totally unique to Interception, and IDs may change as you plug / unplug devices etc. Interception identifies unique devices by an ID. If this all scares you and you don't really understand it, then TL/DR is you should probably stick to "Context Mode", it's safer. Know mouse alternatives to emergency keyboard actions (Right click on clock for Task Manager!)Īs they say - With great power comes great responsibility. Know how to enter "Safe Mode" in windows and disable startup of the scripts. The best insurance policy is to have another keyboard or mouse handy, one that you don't block.īe wary of making scripts using this code run on startup. So if you block Ctrl on your only keyboard, you just blocked CTRL+ALT+DEL. In general, worst-case scenario would require use of the reset button.įor example, using Subscription Mode with block enabled will totally block that key from working on that keyboard. As such, it is entirely possible to lock up all input, or at least make life a little difficult. Because Interception is a driver, and sits below windows proper, blocking with Interception goes so deep that it can even block CTRL+ALT+DEL etc. Keyboard Keys, Mouse Buttons and Mouse movement (Both Relative and Absolute modes) are supported.ĪHI uses the Interception driver by Francisco Lopez Getting Help AHI Discussion Thread on the AHK forums Discord Channel You can use the same key on multiple keyboards for individual actions.įor example, you could have 3 keyboards connected, and on the 1st (Main keyboard), no changes are applied, but on keyboard #2, when you press F1, it replaces it with a, and on keyboard #3, when you press F1, it replaces it with b. In other words, you can use a key on a second (or third, or fourth.) keyboard to trigger AHK code, and that key will not be seen by applications. stopping Windows from seeing that keyboard or mouse event). AutoHotInterception (AHI) allows you to execute AutoHotkey code in response to events from a specific keyboard or mouse, whilst (optionally) blocking the native functionality (i.e. See What’s New or Differentįor a complete list of improvements and differences from the legacyįor convenience and backward compatibility, a single RandomState The legacy RandomState random number routines are stillĪvailable, but limited to a single BitGenerator. See NEP 19 for context on the updated random Numpy number It exposes many different probabilityĭistributions. Since Numpy version 1.17.0 the Generator can be initialized with a Generators: Objects that transform sequences of random bits from aīitGenerator into sequences of numbers that follow a specific probabilityĭistribution (such as uniform, Normal or Binomial) within a specified Unsigned integer words filled with sequences of either 32 or 64 random bits. To use those sequences to sample from different statistical distributions:īitGenerators: Objects that generate random numbers. Numpy’s random number routines produce pseudo random numbers usingĬombinations of a BitGenerator to create sequences and a Generator You can get in touch with me on Twitter EcogeoNetwork.Mathematical functions with automatic domain I look forward to seeing you here again soon. Thank you so much for reading this article. However, this objection is very broad and cannot be answered in the context of this discussion. You might assume that the whole universe is deterministic, thus nothing is truly random. The concluding thoughts are philosophical. True random numbers make such reverse engineering unlikely. Cryptography, for example, involves numbers that attackers can not guess, and if attackers know the algorithm, they can write a program that predicts important cryptic information. The importance of absolute randomness should not be underestimated. The use of pseudo-random numbers is sufficient in this case since there is no quantitative benefit associated with the extent of randomness. In this case, the randomness associated with the computer’s surrounding processes is used to generate a random number.įor certain purposes, a pseudo-random number is entirely adequate, for instance, if you want to randomly shuffle songs while playing music, you will need numbers to feed into the software such that the samples are more or less equally distributed. Computers use unpredictable processes, such as atmospheric noise or radioactive decay, instead of human-defined patterns, to produce truly random numbers. Unlike PRNGs, TRNGs measure randomness from physical phenomena using hardware and integrate it into a computer. The outputs of PRNGs may result into a reasonably complex pattern, but since they operate on the basis of a predefined algorithm, the numbers they produce are not truly random. To generate PRNGs, a computer uses a seed number and an algorithm to generate numbers that seem to be random, but are actually predictable. There are two common methods for generating random numbers from a computer: Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs) and True Random Number Generators (TRNGs). Generating random numbers is not a simple task, the challenge is that computers are inherently predictable, as they provide algorithm-based mathematical responses. Random numbers are critical for lotteries, complex mathematical modelling, gambling, cryptography and security. there is no correlation between consecutive numbers. One of the most important characteristics of random numbers is their independent nature, i.e. Random numbers is a set of numbers without a specified order. Gary is a bit bumbling in his quest, but no one can ever accuse him of lacking the proper motivation. Everything is over the top and exaggerated in a way that can be a little exasperating at times. It crams all the superhero and villain cliches in it that you could ever want. This is a by the book hero–ahem, I mean villain–story. Aided by his wife and a few villain friends, Gary sets down the path of making the city tremble at its knees one bad pun at a time. He has his ambitions set to becoming the city’s most notorious villain as long as it doesn’t require him to kill anyone or inconvenience anyone less fortunate than himself. After receiving a magical cloak that once belonged to the city’s most beloved hero, Gary does what any self-respecting ordinary person would do when gifted such power. Gary Karkofsky is an ordinary citizen living in a city filled with heroes and villains. Publisher: Amber Cove Publishing (June 8, 2014) Narrator: MacLeod Andrews | Length: 12 hr and 14 mins | Audiobook Publisher: Audible Studios (September 24, 2013) | Whispersync Ready: Yes I certainly plan to read the rest of the books in this series, and I think this book has convinced me to give his fantasy books a second chance if the payout is equal to the enjoyment I gained from reading this. It could’ve just been the particular reading mood I was in before, but I think it has more to do with the fact that this gets on with the story and doesn’t dawdle around. His writing just never engaged me before this book. It’s not that I think he’s a bad writer or anything. Prior to reading this novel, I’d been having some problem completing a Sanderson book. It’s not all sunshine and roses, but it’s more fun than dark. This book probably won’t work for people who enjoy grimmer hero tales. However, the romance did start to feel more natural toward the end. It stalled the story from getting to the point at times. I just wanted to get to this fighting Epics business. I did not care how tight Megan’s shirt was or how curvy she was or how pouty her lips were. It always felt inconvenient and out of place when it showed up. I probably would’ve rated this higher, but the romance angle annoyed me so much for most of the book. He brings exactly the right amount of youthful exuberance you’d expect. I wished there had been more character development for a few of them, but I like them all the same. MacLeod Andrews provides the voice of this series. The Reckoners are a motley crew of characters who have banded together to form something of a family. His awkwardness makes him easy to like and to relate to. It manages to be touching and smart, and while it’s fairly straightforward, it does present a couple of quandaries–one of which is considering the ramifications for the citizens of Newcago if they should defeat Steelheart. David is a likable character–intelligent, brave, brash, and bit of a nerd. It’s fast paced, fun, and teeming with action and cool gadgets. This was like reading a novelization of a comic book arc. David joins the Reckoners, a group of ordinary humans who assassinate Epics, and convinces them to embark on an ambitious plan to take down Steelheart. David makes it his mission to study Epics and learn their one weakness (which is the only way to destroy them) in order to avenge his father. Two years after Calamity appeared in the sky, David Charleston’s father is murdered by an Epic named Steelheart who takes over the city of Chicago, dubbing it Newcago, and ushers in a new age of terror. Instead of people using their powers for the betterment of mankind, these people–called Epics–use their powers to dominate their fellow man. Twelve years prior to this story, Calamity appeared in the sky and burst, gifting astonishing powers on ordinary people. Publisher: Delacorte Press (September 24, 2013) Genre: Science Fiction, Young Adult, Dystopia Audiobook Review Bites: Heroes & Villains Graphical User Interface (GUI): An effective GUI enables an intuitive programming interface. Steps to follow to install jGRASP on Windows 10: Make sure that your PC is having the latest version of the Java JDK (Java Development Kit).Step 2) Select the installer with GCC for Windows compiler Choose the installer with GCC Compiler, e.g. Code completion: This tool identifies and inserts code components to save you time and lower the risk of typos and bugs. Step 1) Download Binary release Go to and click Binary Release.
I think so far, the most “fun” casual games are in consoles and mobile games. Although I do see the attractiveness of team-based competitive games though, which gives more depth and complexity in the games leading to increase in replayability (and addictiveness). Everybody just wants more and more content and get the free dopamine rush without having to put in any effort. But unfortunately, people have too short of an attention span these days to enjoy super sweaty games we used to have back in the day like Quake and Starcraft 1.Įven Starcraft 2 has lost its popularity as soon as they stopped live servicing it. If anything we need more of old school sweaty games like Arena FPS. So I don’t think there are only sweaty games these days on PC. Anyways, there are genres for everybody now. Steam, indie games and PC gaming in general being more popular has lead to a stronger casual market on PC. I think it’s the opposite with the PC market being more casual now then it was before. Overwatch on the other hand, unless you play custom workshop games, there isn’t as much room for trolling around.ĮDIT: Oops, I forgot that Arcade mode exists I keep forgetting because there’s nobody playing Arcade in our region so I rarely ever get to experience it. So it was adaptive to what the player felt like doing. Even though Quake Live is technically sweaty, because ranks don’t matter too much to people, you could just play for 10 minutes and log off if you wanted to.īut at the same time, if you’re in a competitive mood, you could take the game more seriously too. So you could just turn off your brain and just focus on the game instead of arguing with your teammates. So there was nothing at stake besides who is the winner/loser. Because you’re not dependent on your teammates. What I liked about those types of games is that even though it’s sweaty, it’s not frustrating type of sweaty. I remember my younger brother used to play Quake Live all day every day. I do miss those types of games like that. Sometimes I just want to sit back and relax with a quick match without getting all sweaty. However, I think those are pretty good definitions on what does and doesn’t count as casual or sweaty. So while TF2 might be considered casual by most players, it could be viewed as sweaty to those with no or little experience with shooters. As well being determined by a player’s own skill level. As there are some games which technically count as both like Smash Bros and TF2. Think games like Animal Crossing, Minecraft, Elder Scrolls and Mario party serving as casual games. They’re less difficult, with simplified and often randomized mechanics to make it easier on players. On the opposite end, we have casual games who are focused more around experience such as story, creativity, sociability, exploration or puzzles. However, there are single player games like Hotline Miami or Dark Souls Multiplayer games like counterstrike, Tribes: ascend, and Street Fighter. They tend to be more difficult but are designed to be satisfying when you perform well. Sweaty/Comp are games which are designed to encourage skill and game sense with very little randomness or luck to its mechanic. Casual is focused around player experience. A sweaty/comp is focused around player performance. What about Mario Party or Mario Kart? Or a lot of Nintendo games in general? I mean there’s already a pretty clear definition of a sweaty/competitive game vs a casual one. Maybe its just the whales wanting to show off their $50 cosmetics. I don’t know how someone could get mad at such a funny scene and rage about that. The chaos when someone in a large friendly circle suddenly places a sticky bomb down and its just taken a 180 from a peaceful circle of guys dancing to dismembered body parts flying around and explosions all over the place. You emote at an enemy knowing that they might blow you to pieces, and that’s the fun of it, its a surprise of seeing how the enemy will react. The whole concept of the playing as a friendly in a game like that relies upon the idea that players can kill you, it is half the point. I’ll totally agree that the people who rage as a friendly are bewildering. Its the same thing as players choosing to play a character that isn’t a counter pick or something, just going into a game and playing a character they think is fun. But my point was if you are trying to get that kind of environment and behavior in competitive or even in regular(non arcade) quick play, that it is kind of strange for players not to try to win and just to take it easy so everybody can have a fun relaxing time. With each result, it shows you Match %, Size in MB, Duration of of the audio file, bitrate, File type, Title, Genre, etc. Basically, it shows original file in Blue color, and below that it shows all its duplicates in Black color. In the results windows, you will see that some files have Blue color, while others have Black color. This software runs pretty quickly, and soon you will be able to see all the results. If you want to exclude any folder from scan, then you can use that drop-down and select “Exclude” from that.Īfter that, click on Scan button to start the scanning process. With each added folder, you will see a drop-down. You can select as many folders as you want. It will ask you to select the folders which you want to scan for duplicates. Once downloaded, the installation part is pretty easy. Start by downloading this software from link given at end of this review. How to Use DupeGuru Music Edition to find Duplicate Audio Files: DupeGuru can be used for scanning all types of files to find duplicates, while DupeGuru Music Edition music edition to especially tailored to find duplicate music files only. This duplicate music finder software is improved version of its counterpart called DupeGuru. And in those cases, it shows Match % as percentage of tags that matched between both the files. So, if you have two music files in which the content is same, but their tags or other fields are not 100% duplicate, then this software can show you those files as well. and sees what is the matching percentage. Basically, this software not only shows you those files that are completely identical / duplicate, but it can even show you those files that are similar. So, if you have two music files which are completely same but have different name, then this software will show even those files as duplicates.Īnother interesting feature of this software is Match %. The best part of this software is that it can even look for duplicate music files based on content. It scans for duplicates based on file name, file tags, etc. This software scans all your music folders and find the files that are duplicates. The tool is free and works quite solidly.DupeGuru Music Edition is a free software to find duplicate music files on your PC. You can play around with these options to get the most accurate, and more important, results for you. Depending on what you choose, you can further adjust, such as how many percent you want the search to be accurate or not to search for files smaller than a certain size.Ĥ) When the results appear you can unplug the duplicates and use the Action key to select what you want to do with the duplicates, for example, to send them to the Recycle Bin. But you need an appropriate version for your Windows version – dupeGuru,Ģ) On the plus (+), add the folder you want to scan and run the scan.ģ) In the options (ctrl + p) you can set whether to search by name or content. In the same way, dupeGuru Music edition works just as much as it focuses on soundtracks.ġ) Download and install one of these programs, I will download the classic dupeGuru. This tool uses the “Fuzzy” algorithm to find similar images. Picture edition is for finding the same / similar images that may not be called the same and may even be cropped or slightly modified. Then to “Go!”.Ģ) The program will first create a file index and then start comparing them.ģ) Once done, you will see a list of the same files and their paths so you can delete them manually.įor this we will be assisted by a tool called dupeGuru which comes in three variants: dupeGuru, dupeGuru Picture, dupeGuru Music. 1) When you start the program you already have some initial settings so you can start searching immediately. Sixty-two eyes received a Tecnis ZCB00, 39 a MX60E, and 43 a Tecnic ZXR00 Symfony IOL furthermore, 20 young phakic eyes and 19 presbyopic eyes were included in this study. Objective ray-tracing metrics of accommodation and pseudoaccommodation included the effective range of focus, sphere shift accommodation, and depth of focus. Ray-tracing wavefront analysis was performed 1 to 3 months postoperatively. The control groups consisted of young and presbyopic phakic patients. Patients with normal and hyperprolate corneas (post-hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis) who underwent cataract surgery from March 2018 to October 2019 at the Medical University of South Carolina were examined and received either a diffractive intraocular lens (IOL) with an echelette design (Tecnis ZXR00 Symfony Johnson & Johnson Vision), a monofocal IOL with negative spherical aberration (Tecnis ZCB00 Johnson & Johnson Vision), or an aberration-free IOL (MX60E Bausch & Lomb). To compare objective measurements of accommodation and pseudoaccommodation in phakic and pseudo-phakic eyes using ray-tracing aberrometry. It is the investigation of choice in the today's era considering patient satisfaction and visual outcomes, postpremium intraocular lens implantations. The system integrates corneal topography with wavefront aberrometry, which has the unique feature of revealing the internal aberrations of the eye by subtracting the corneal aberrations from total aberration. This review will help all the ophthalmologists including residents and fellows learn the principle, features, and clinical applications of iTrace. In this review, our prime focuses on Ray Tracing aberrometer, iTrace. A variety of aberrometers with different principles are available, such as Ray Tracing, Hartmann-Shack, Tscherning, and automatic retinoscopy. Aberrometers are the most vital instruments used for estimating optical aberrations so that a more comprehensive understanding of optical error can be quantified and corrected. The QoV is primarily affected by both higher-and lower-order optical aberration. Moreover, they are the departure of the performance of an optical system from the predictions of paraxial optics. Optical aberrations are defect in a lens or a mirror prevents light rays from being focused at a single point and results in a distorted or blurred image. Similarly, the quantity of vision is documented by measuring uncorrected and best-corrected distance visual acuities. The QoV is an integration of varied optical and neural factors. The quality of vision (QoV) can be easily assessed by documenting objectively the higher-order aberrations or by using subjective questionnaires available. A combination of both determines the final visual acuity. Five essential oils are available in 100 ml canisters.Visual acuity is the sum of qualitative and quantitative factors. These AromaSense replacement canisters uses pure, undiluted oils at just 1/4 of a drop at a time, so that each canister will last for months. RESTORE - A blend of orange California, pine needle, ho-oil, - frankincense, patchouli, citrus labdanum, vetiver, and cedarwood Virginia essential oils. RESPIRATORY - A blend of Sage, hyssop, eucalyptus globules, spruce needle, eucalyptus radiate, thyme, and myrtle essential oils. RENEW - A blend of cedarwood Virginia, grapefruit, Peru balsam, lavendin, lime, sweet basil, elemi, clary sage, and angelica essential oils. RELAX - A blend of lavender, lavendin super, orange, geranium, cedarwood, marjoram, and frankincense essential oils. A small drop of oil may be poured into the reservoir on the steam head to scent your steam shower, or the canisters can be used in conjunction with the available AromaSense™ TSA Spa Option Control aroma system to automatically dispense aroma into the flow of steam.Ĭhoose from the following amazing fragrance blends:ĮNERGIZE - A blend of rosemary, lemongrass, orange, ginger root, red grapefruit, mandarin orange and cinnamon leaf essential oils. It is a declared nuclear-weapons state, and is ranked amongst the emerging and growth-leading economies, with a large and rapidly-growing middle class. Pakistan is a middle power nation, and has the world's sixth-largest standing armed forces. Pakistan elected a civilian government in 2008, and in 2010 adopted a parliamentary system with periodic elections. In the following four decades, Pakistan has been ruled by governments whose descriptions, although complex, commonly alternated between civilian and military, democratic and authoritarian, relatively secular and Islamist. In 1971, the exclave of East Pakistan seceded as the new country of Bangladesh after a nine-month-long civil war. Initially a Dominion of the British Commonwealth, Pakistan officially drafted its constitution in 1956, and emerged as a declared Islamic republic. Spurred by the Pakistan Movement, which sought a homeland for the Muslims of British India, and election victories in 1946 by the All-India Muslim League, Pakistan gained independence in 1947 after the Partition of the British Indian Empire, which awarded separate statehood to its Muslim-majority regions and was accompanied by an unparalleled mass migration and loss of life. The region that comprises the modern state of Pakistan was the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid briefly that of Alexander the Great the Seleucid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Gupta the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Hindu Shahis, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals, the Durranis, the Omani Empire, the Sikh Empire, British East India Company rule, and most recently, the British Raj from 1858 to 1947. Pakistan is the site of several ancient cultures, including the 8,500-year-old Neolithic site of Mehrgarh in Balochistan, the Indus Valley civilisation of the Bronze Age, the most extensive of the civilisations of the Afro-Eurasia, and the ancient Gandhara civilization. Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and financial centre. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650-mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China to the northeast. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country in the world by area and the second-largest in South Asia, spanning 881,913 square kilometres (340,509 square miles). It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population just behind Indonesia. جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia as well as crossroads of Western Asia, the Middle East. Pakistan ( Urdu: پاکِستان ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( اِسلامی You may need rendering support to display the Urdu text in this article correctly. |
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